Show Me Picture of a Toy Baby That Used to

Model, typocally of a humanoid character for use as a toy or an artistic hobby

Doll
Poupée c 1870.jpg

European bisque doll from the 1870s

Type model figure
Country diverse
Availability Aboriginal times–
Materials various

A doll is a model typically of a homo or humanoid character, often used as a toy for children, specially little girls. Dolls have also been used in traditional religious rituals throughout the world. Traditional dolls made of materials such as clay and wood are found in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Europe. The primeval documented dolls get back to the aboriginal civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. They have been made equally rough, rudimentary playthings likewise equally elaborate fine art. Modern doll manufacturing has its roots in Deutschland, from the 15th century. With industrialization and new materials such as porcelain and plastic, dolls were increasingly mass-produced. During the 20th century, dolls became increasingly pop as collectibles.

History, types and materials [edit]

Early history and traditional dolls [edit]

The earliest dolls were made from bachelor materials such as clay, rock, wood, os, ivory, leather, or wax. Archaeological evidence places dolls as the foremost candidate for the oldest known toy. Wooden paddle dolls have been institute in Egyptian tombs dating to as early as the 21st century BC.[i] Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date dorsum to at least 200 BC. Archaeologists have discovered Greek dolls made of clay and articulated at the hips and shoulders.[1] [ii] Rag dolls and stuffed animals were probably also popular, only no known examples of these take survived to the present day.[3] Stories from ancient Hellenic republic effectually 100 Advertizement show that dolls were used by lilliputian girls every bit playthings.[1] In ancient Rome, dolls were made of clay, woods or ivory. Dolls take been found in the graves of Roman children. Like children today, the younger members of Roman civilisation would have dressed their dolls according to the latest fashions. In Greece and Rome, it was customary for boys to dedicate their toys to the gods when they reached puberty and for girls to dedicate their toys to the goddesses when they married.[one] [two] Rag dolls are traditionally home-made from spare scraps of fabric material. Roman rag dolls have been found dating back to 300 BC.[four]

Traditional dolls are sometimes used every bit children'due south playthings, but they may also have spiritual, magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were as well used in children's education and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures dolls were considered besides laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them.[v]

African dolls are used to teach and entertain; they are supernatural intermediaries, and they are manipulated for ritual purposes. Their shape and costume vary co-ordinate to region and custom. Dolls are frequently handed downwardly from female parent to daughter. Akuaba are wooden ritual fertility dolls from Ghana and nearby areas. The best known akuaba are those of the Ashanti people, whose akuaba take large, disc-like heads. Other tribes in the region take their own distinctive style of akuaba.

At that place is a rich history of Japanese dolls dating back to the Dogū figures (8000–200 BCE). and Haniwa funerary figures (300–600 Advert). By the eleventh century, dolls were used as playthings also as for protection and in religious ceremonies. During Hinamatsuri, the doll festival, hina dolls ( 雛人形 , hina-ningyō ) are displayed. These are fabricated of straw and wood, painted, and dressed in elaborate, many-layered textiles. Daruma dolls are spherical dolls with cherry-red bodies and white faces without pupils. They represent Bodhidharma, the E Indian who founded Zen, and are used every bit good luck charms. Wooden Kokeshi dolls take no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical body, representing niggling girls.

The utilise of an effigy to perform a spell on someone is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. Examples of such magical devices include the European poppet and the nkisi or bocio of W and Central Africa. In European folk magic and witchcraft, poppet dolls are used to correspond a person for casting spells on that person. The intention is that whatever actions are performed upon the effigy volition exist transferred to the subject through sympathetic magic. The practice of sticking pins in voodoo dolls take been associated with African-American Hoodoo folk magic. Voodoo dolls are non a feature of Haitian Vodou religion, but take been portrayed as such in popular culture, and stereotypical voodoo dolls are sold to tourists in Haiti. Likely the voodoo doll concept in popular culture is influenced by the European poppet.[half dozen] A kitchen witch is a poppet originating in Northern Europe. It resembles a stereotypical witch or crone and is displayed in residential kitchens as a means to provide good luck[7] and ward off bad spirits.[8]

Hopi Kachina dolls are effigies fabricated of cottonwood that embody the characteristics of the ceremonial Kachina, the masked spirits of the Hopi Native American tribe. Kachina dolls are objects meant to be treasured and studied in order to learn the characteristics of each Kachina. Inuit dolls are made out of soapstone and os, materials common to the Inuit people. Many are clothed with creature fur or skin. Their clothing articulates the traditional mode of clothes necessary to survive cold winters, current of air, and snow. The tea dolls of the Innu people were filled with tea for immature girls to bear on long journeys. Apple dolls are traditional North American dolls with a caput fabricated from stale apples. In Inca mythology, Sara Mama was the goddess of grain. She was associated with maize that grew in multiples or was similarly strange. These foreign plants were sometimes dressed every bit dolls of Sara Mama. Corn husk dolls are traditional Native American dolls made out of the stale leaves or husk of a corncob.[ix] Traditionally, they do not have a face. The making of corn husk dolls was adopted past early European settlers in the U.s..[10] Early settlers also made rag dolls and carved wooden dolls, called Pennywoods.[11] La última muñeca, or "the last doll", is a tradition of the Quinceañera, the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of Latin America. During this ritual the quinceañera relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such a toy.[12] In the United states, dollmaking became an manufacture in the 1860s, after the Civil State of war.[13]

Matryoshka dolls are traditional Russian dolls, consisting of a set of hollow wooden figures that open up up and nest within each other. They typically portray traditional peasants and the first set was carved and painted in 1890.[fourteen] In Germany, dirt dolls have been documented as far back equally the 13th century, and wooden doll making from the 15th century.[15] First virtually the 15th century, increasingly elaborate dolls were made for Nativity scene displays, chiefly in Italy.[16] Dolls with detailed, stylish clothes were sold in France in the 16th century, though their bodies were oftentimes crudely constructed.[17] The German language and Dutch peg wooden dolls were inexpensive and just made and were popular toys for poorer children in Europe from the 16th century.[18] Wood continued to exist the ascendant textile for dolls in Europe until the 19th century.[nineteen] Through the 18th and 19th centuries, wood was increasingly combined with other materials, such as leather, wax and porcelain and the bodies made more clear.[nineteen] It is unknown when dolls' glass optics first appeared, only dark-brown was the dominant center color for dolls up until the Victorian era when blue eyes became more than pop, inspired by Queen Victoria.[20]

Dolls, puppets and masks allow ordinary people to country what is incommunicable in the real situation;[21] In Iran for example during Qajar era, people criticised the politics and social conditions of Ahmad-Shah's reign via puppetry without any fear of punishment.[22] Co-ordinate to the Islamic rules, the act of dancing in public especially for women, is a taboo. But dolls or puppets have gratis and contained identities and are able to practise what is not viable for the real person. Layli is a hinged dancing doll, which is popular among the Lur people of Iran.[23] [24] The name Layli is originated from the Middle East folklore and love story, Layla and Majnun. Layli is the symbol of the beloved who is spiritually beautiful.[25] Layli as well represents and maintains a cultural tradition, which is gradually vanishing in urban life.

Industrial era [edit]

During the 19th century, dolls' heads were often made of porcelain and combined with a trunk of leather, cloth, forest, or composite materials, such as papier-mâché or composition, a mix of pulp, sawdust, glue and similar materials.[26] [27] With the advent of polymer and plastic materials in the 20th century, doll making largely shifted to these materials. The depression cost, ease of manufacture, and immovability of plastic materials meant new types of dolls could exist mass-produced at a lower cost. The primeval materials were rubber and celluloid. From the mid-20th century, soft vinyl became the ascendant textile, in particular for children's dolls.[28] [29] Beginning in the 20th century, both porcelain and plastic dolls are made directly for the adult collectors market. Constructed resins such as polyurethane resemble porcelain in texture and are used for collectible dolls.

Colloquially the terms porcelain doll, bisque doll and communist china doll are sometimes used interchangeably. But collectors make a distinction between china dolls, fabricated of glazed porcelain, and bisque dolls, made of unglazed bisque or beige porcelain. A typical antique china doll has a white glazed porcelain head with painted molded hair and a body made of cloth or leather. The name comes from china existence used to refer to the cloth porcelain. They were mass-produced in Germany, peaking in popularity betwixt 1840 and 1890 and selling in the millions.[30] [31] [32] Parian dolls were also made in Germany, from effectually 1860 to 1880. They are made of white porcelain similar to cathay dolls but the caput is non dipped in glaze and has a matte finish.[33] Bisque dolls are characterized by their realistic, skin-similar matte end. They had their peak of popularity between 1860 and 1900 with French and German dolls. Antique German and French bisque dolls from the 19th century were oftentimes made as children's playthings, but contemporary bisque dolls are predominantly made straight for the collectors market.[26] [32] [34]

Up through the middle of the 19th century, European dolls were predominantly made to represent grown-ups. Artless dolls and the afterward ubiquitous baby doll did non appear until around 1850.[32] [35] But, by the late 19th century, infant and childlike dolls had overtaken the market.[32] Realistic, lifelike wax dolls were popular in Victorian England.[36]

Newspaper dolls are cut out of paper, with divide clothes that are normally held onto the dolls by folding tabs. They often reflect contemporary styles, and 19th century ballerina paper dolls were amongst the earliest celebrity dolls. The 1930s Shirley Temple doll sold millions and was one of the about successful glory dolls. Small celluloid Kewpie dolls, based on illustrations past Rose O'Neill, were popular in the early on 20th century. Madame Alexander created the offset collectible doll based on a licensed grapheme – Scarlett O'Hara from Gone with the Wind.[37]

Contemporary dollhouses accept their roots in European babe house display cases from the 17th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but, post-obit the Industrial Revolution and World State of war II, they were increasingly mass-produced and became more than affordable. Children'south dollhouses during the 20th century accept been made of tin litho, plastic, and wood. Contemporary houses for developed collectors are typically made of wood.

The earliest modern stuffed toys were made in 1880. They differ from earlier rag dolls in that they are made of plush furlike fabric and usually portray animals rather than humans.[38] Teddy bears starting time appeared in 1902–1903.[38] [39]

Black dolls have been designed to resemble night-skinned persons varying from stereotypical to more accurate portrayals. Rag dolls fabricated by American slaves served as playthings for slave children. Golliwogg was a children's book rag doll graphic symbol in the late 19th century that was widely reproduced equally a toy. The doll has very black peel, eyes rimmed in white, clown lips, and frizzy hair, and has been described as an anti-black caricature.[40] Early mass-produced black dolls were typically dark versions of their white counterparts. The primeval American black dolls with realistic African facial features were made in the 1960s.

Manner dolls are primarily designed to be dressed to reflect fashion trends and are usually modeled afterwards teen girls or adult women. The earliest fashion dolls were French bisque dolls from the mid-19th century. Contemporary way dolls are typically fabricated of vinyl. Barbie, from the American toy company Mattel, dominated the marketplace from her inception in 1959.[41] Bratz was the start doll to challenge Barbie's dominance, reaching xl percent of the market in 2006.[42]

Plastic action figures, frequently representing superheroes, are primarily marketed to boys.[43] Way dolls and action figures are ofttimes function of a media franchise that may include films, Boob tube, video games and other related merchandise. Bobblehead dolls are collectible plastic dolls with heads connected to the body by a jump or hook[44] in such a fashion that the caput bobbles. They often portray baseball players or other athletes.

A reborn doll, customized to realistically portray a human baby

With the introduction of computers and the Internet, virtual and online dolls appeared. These are often similar to traditional paper dolls and enable users to design virtual dolls and drag and drop dress onto dolls or images of actual people to play apparel upwardly. These include Buss, Stardoll and Dollz.

Also with the appearance of the Internet, collectible dolls are customized and sold or displayed online. Reborn dolls are vinyl dolls that accept been customized to resemble a human baby with as much realism as possible. They are often sold online through sites such as eBay.[45] [46] Asian ball-jointed dolls (BJDs) are cast in synthetic resin in a manner that has been described equally both realistic and influenced by anime.[47] [48] [49] Asian BJDs and Asian fashion dolls such as Pullip and Blythe are often customized and photographed. The photos are shared in online communities.[50] [51] Custom dolls tin at present be designed on computers and tablets and and then manufactured individually using 3D printing.[52]

Stargazer Lottie Doll was the offset doll to enter space, voyaging alongside British ESA Astronaut Tim Peake. Lottie spent 264 days aboard the International Space Station during the Principa Mission. She was designed by 6-year-old Abigail from Canada, when she decided she wanted to help kids get more interested in space and astronomy.

Uses, appearances and problems [edit]

Since aboriginal times, dolls take played a central role in magic and religious rituals and have been used equally representations of deities. Dolls have also traditionally been toys for children. Dolls are also nerveless by adults, for their cornball value, beauty, historical importance or financial value.[53] Antiquarian dolls originally made as children's playthings accept become collector's items. Nineteenth-century bisque dolls made by French manufacturers such every bit Bru and Jumeau may be worth most $22,000 today.[54]

Dolls have traditionally been fabricated as crude, rudimentary playthings as well every bit with elaborate, artful pattern.[55] They have been created as folk art in cultures around the globe, and, in the 20th century, art dolls began to exist seen every bit loftier art. Artist Hans Bellmer made surrealistic dolls that had interchangeable limbs in 1930s and 1940s Germany equally opposition to the Nazi party's idolization of a perfect Aryan body.[53] Due east Village artist Greer Lankton became famous in the 1980s for her theatrical window displays of drug addicted, anorexic and mutant dolls.[56]

Lifelike or anatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools and social workers to train doctors and nurses in various health procedures or investigate cases of all sexual corruption of children. Artists sometimes use jointed wooden mannequins in cartoon the human figure. Many ordinary doll brands are as well anatomically correct, although most types of dolls are degenitalized.[57]

Egli-Figuren are a type of doll that originated in Switzerland in 1964 for telling Bible stories.[58]

In Western society, a gender difference in the pick of toys has been observed and studied. Action figures that correspond traditional masculine traits are popular with boys, who are more likely to choose toys that have some link to tools, transportation, garages, machines and armed services equipment. Dolls for girls tend to represent feminine traits and come with such accessories every bit clothing, kitchen appliances, utensils, furniture and jewelry.[59] [threescore] [61]

Pediophobia is a fear of dolls or similar objects.[62] [63] Psychologist Ernst Jentsch theorized that uncanny feelings arise when there is an intellectual uncertainty about whether an object is alive or non. Sigmund Freud further adult on these theories.[64] Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori expanded on these theories to develop the uncanny valley hypothesis: if an object is patently enough not-human, its human characteristics volition stand out and be endearing; yet, if that object reaches a certain threshold of homo-like appearance, its non-man characteristics will stand out, and be agonizing.[65]

Doll hospitals [edit]

A doll hospital is a workshop that specializes in the restoration or repair of dolls.[66] Doll hospitals can be plant in countries around the world.[67] Ane of the oldest doll hospitals was established in Lisbon, Portugal in 1830,[67] and another in Melbourne, reputedly the get-go such establishment in Australia, was founded in 1888.[66] In that location is a Doll Doctors Association in the United States.[68] Henri Launay, who has been repairing dolls at his shop in northeast Paris for 43 years, says he has restored over 30,000 dolls in the class of his career. Most of the clients are not children, but adults in their 50s and 60s.[54] Some doll brands, such as American Girl and Madame Alexander, also offering doll infirmary services for their own dolls.

Dolls and children's tales [edit]

Many books deal with dolls tales, including Wilhelmina. The Adventures of a Dutch Doll, by Nora Pitt-Taylor, pictured by Gladys Hall.[69] Rag dolls have featured in a number of children's stories, such as the 19th century character Golliwogg in The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a Golliwogg past Bertha Upton and Florence K. Upton[70] and Raggedy Ann in the books by Johnny Gruelle, starting time published in 1918. The Lonely Doll is a 1957 children's book past Canadian author Dare Wright. The story, told through text and photographs, is about a doll named Edith and two teddy bears.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Fraser 1973, p. 7
  2. ^ a b Garland, Robert (2008). Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization. New York City, New York: Sterling. p. 96. ISBN978-ane-4549-0908-8.
  3. ^ Garland, Robert (2008). Aboriginal Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilisation. New York City, New York: Sterling. p. 96. ISBN978-1-4549-0908-8.
  4. ^ he twenty-kickoff century BCE. British museum exhibit [ permanent dead link ]
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  7. ^ "Kitchen Witches". earthlink.net. Archived from the original on 21 Dec 2007.
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  10. ^ "The uses of corn in 1845". Eastern Illinois University. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
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  13. ^ "A History of Dolls". ctdollartists.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  14. ^ "Home – Russian Life". russianlife.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
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  16. ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 14–18
  17. ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 18–19
  18. ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 19–22
  19. ^ a b Fraser 1973, p. 26
  20. ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 26–27
  21. ^ Baird, B. (2002). Honar-e Arousaki (The Art of the Boob). Translated to Western farsi by Javad Zolfaghari. Tehran: Nowruz-e Honar.
  22. ^ Beyzai, Bahram (2004). Iranian theatre. Tehran: Roshangaran. p. 98
  23. ^ Nikouei, A. and Sohrabi Nasirabadi, 1000. (2016). "Report of the Importance of Contemporary Iranian Traditional Handmade Dolls and Puppets". Wacana Seni Journal of Arts Discourse. xv: 2761. doi:10.21315/ws2016.15.ii. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  24. ^ Gorjian, F. (2010). The status of traditional handmade dolls (Layli or Bavig) in Lurish folklore. anthropology.ir
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  26. ^ a b Van Patten, Denise. "Introduction to Bisque and Porcelain Dolls". About.com Home.
  27. ^ Van Patten, Denise. "Glossary of Doll Collecting Terms – Limerick". About.com Home. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
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  29. ^ Van Patten, Denise. "Vinyl Dolls". About.com Home.
  30. ^ Coleman, Dorothy S., Elizabeth A., and Evelyn Jk. (1968). "China Caput Dolls". The Collector's Encyclopaedia of Dolls Volume One. London: Robert Hale. pp. 118–134. ISBN978-0-7090-5598-three.
  31. ^ Van Patten, Denise. "An Introduction to Mainland china Doll Collecting". About.com Home.
  32. ^ a b c d "A Brief History of Antique Dolls, Part Two". Nigh.com Doll Collecting.
  33. ^ Krombholz, Mary Groham, German Parian Dolls, 2006, Reverie Publishing, p. 7
  34. ^ Christopher, Catherine (1971). The complete book of doll making and collecting. Dover Publications. pp. 187–190. ISBN978-0-486-22066-6 . Retrieved 8 Feb 2010.
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  46. ^ Montcombroux, Vieve. "Simply Irresistible: What is that elusive quality that makes reborns so hard to resist?". Doll Reader Magazine. June–July 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2009
  47. ^ Ohanesian, Liz (28 Oct 2008). "Elfdoll: Don't Call It A Toy Company". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 26 Dec 2008. The shockingly realistic, remarkably flexible BJDs
  48. ^ Holton, Avery (eighteen July 2004). "Anime Girls". Time. Archived from the original on thirteen September 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2008. Japanese-made Super Dollfies ... with ... exaggerated features inspired past Japanese animation
  49. ^ Gonzalez, Lauren (June 2008). "The Futurity Looks Bright for Ball-jointed Dolls". Shojo Vanquish. p. 332. Super Dollfie, like Narin and Narae, take a distinct anime look, with cool burnished expressions on their faces. Although highly customizable, the dolls are offered in a range of styles that stay true to a Japanese aesthetic.
  50. ^ Galbraith, Patrick W (17 May 2008). "Plastic fantastic: Japan's doll industry booming". City magazine . Retrieved 22 February 2009. ...the inclusion of brawl joints, which make it possible to pose the dolls for pictures, a favorite pastime among users.
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  56. ^ Interview with Greer Lankton. geocities.com (1985)
  57. ^ Collings, Steven J. (2017). "The value of anatomical dolls in the psychological assessment of kid sexual abuse: an evaluation of bachelor empirical bear witness". Child Abuse Research in S Africa. eighteen (2): 21–29. hdl:10520/EJC-ad4ff5067.
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  59. ^ Servin, Anna; Bohlin, Gunilla; Berlin, Lisa (March 1999). "Sexual activity differences in 1-, iii-, and v-year-olds' toy-option in a structured play session". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 40 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00096. PMID 10216463.
  60. ^ Nelson, Anders (2005). "Children's Toy Collections in Sweden—A Less Gender-Typed Country?". Sex Roles. 52 (1/two): 93–102. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-1196-5. S2CID 84177673.
  61. ^ Sobieraj, Due south. "Taking control: Toy commercials and the social construction of patriarchy". Masculinities and violence (Fifty. Bowker ed.). Thou Oaks, CA: Sage.
  62. ^ Mufson, Michael (2006). Coping with Anxiety and Phobias. Harvard Special Health Reports. Harvard Health Publications.
  63. ^ Schulman, Michael (30 October 2006). "Worst nightmares: In all five boroughs, haunted houses contain local fears". The New Yorker. Vol. 82, no. 35. p. 38.
  64. ^ Freud, Sigmund (1919). "Das Unheimliche" (in German). Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
  65. ^ Pujals, Elena V. and Buffington, Nancy (12 March 2007) Secrets of The Cabbage Patch: Pediophobia and The Fearfulness of The Inanimate. stanford.edu
  66. ^ a b Dolling out treatment. Theage.com.au (10 June 2005). Retrieved on 2019-01-28.
  67. ^ a b Khalip, Andrei and Pereira, Miguel (23 Dec 2009) Lisbon doll hospital treats owners' blues besides. Reuters
  68. ^ Doll Doctor's Association. Dolldoctorsassociation.com. Retrieved on 28 January 2019.
  69. ^ "Wilhelmina. The adventures of a dutch doll". lusenberg.com.
  70. ^ "The adventures of the two dutch dolls and the Golliwogg". lusenberg.com.

Works cited [edit]

  • Fraser, Antonia (1973). Dolls . Octopus books. ISBN978-0-7064-0056-4.

External links [edit]

  • The dictionary definition of doll at Wiktionary
  • Dolls at the V&A Museum of Babyhood
  • The Canadian Museum of Civilization – The Story of Dolls in Canada

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll

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